Compared to other instrumental
topics, there are relatively few published experiments in voltammetry. However, there are some out there
- both in the chemical education literature and published directly on the Web. The classification into subdisciplines
(Inorganic, Physical, Analytical, Biochem and Organic) below are somewhat arbitrary, but may narrow your
search . Technique-specific articles, as well as those focusing on instrumentation, are classified as "analytical".
The Journal of Chemical Education database was searched with the terms "voltammetry", "poloragraphy",
and "electrodes" in May of 2011 to generate the list below. (The complete table of contents of
the Chemical Educator was also searched in May of 2011.) If you would like to suggest additional publications,
please contact me at mstclair@coe.edu.
Journal of Chemical Education The Chemical Educator
"Synthesis and Characterization of Ferrocene", incorporating voltammetry and bulk electrolysis as well as synthesis.
Landis, Elizabeth A.; Scroggins, Steven T.; Schofield, Mark H.; Lee, Y. Park; "Models of Coenzyme B12. An Undergraduate Chemistry Experiment Combining Synthesis of Cob(III)aloxime Complexes and Their Characterization by 1H NMR and Cyclic Voltammetry." Chem. Educator 8 (2003) 4, 248-250.
Hazen, R. Spaulding, R.M Kasem, K.K. Sigle, E.A."Electrochemistry in Thin Solid Films of Prussian Blue: A Model Demonstration of Reversible Behavior" Am J of Undergraduate Research, 2003 2(1) pp. 27-36.
Queiroz, Salete L.; de Araujo, Márcio P.; Batista, Alzir A.;MacFarlane, Kenneth S.; James, Brian R. "An Electrochemical Experiment to Monitor the Isomerization of trans- to cis-[RuCl2(dppb)(phen)]. An Undergraduate Cyclic Voltammetry Experiment for Inorganic Chemistry" J. Chem. Educ. 2001 78 89. (January 2001)
Stephen Petrovic, "Cyclic Voltammetry of Hexachloroiridate(IV): An Alternative to the Electrochemical Study of the Ferrocyanide Ion" The Chemical Educator 2000 5(5) pp. 231-235.
Toma, Henrique E.; Araki, Koiti; Dovidauskas, Sergio "A Cyclic Voltammetry Experiment Illustrating Redox Potentials, Equilibrium Constants, and Substitution Reactions in Coordination Chemistry" J. Chem. Educ. 2000 77 1351. (October 2000)
C. T. Eagle, D. G. Farrar, G. N. Holder, D. M. Gooden, A. B. Goodman, and S. W. Wyatt, "Synthesis and Characterization of Tris(diethyldithiocarbamato)cobalt (III) as an Undergraduate Inorganic Laboratory" The Chemical Educator 1999 4(3) pp. 105-107.
Mocellin, E.; Russell, R.; Ravera, M. "The Microscale Synthesis and Electrochemistry of Low-Valent Mononuclear Complexes (h3-C3H5)Fe(CO)3X (X=I, Br, Cl)" J. Chem. Educ. 1998 75 337.
David Hathcock, Jill Morris, Jill Madden, and Spencer Slattery, "Ligand Substituent Effects on Ruthenium (III/II) Redox Properties: An Advanced Inorganic Laboratory Experiment", The Chemical Educator 1997 2 (3).
Geiger, David K.; Paviak, Edmund J.; Kass, Lawrence T. "The determination of axial ligand binding constants for iron porphyrins by cyclic voltammetry". J. Chem. Educ. 1991 68 337.
Martin, D.; Mendicuti, F. "Polarographic Determination of Composition and Thermodynamic Stability Constant of a Complex Metal Ion" J. Chem. Educ. 1988 65 916.
Ibanez, Jorge G.; Gonzalez, Ignacio; Cardenas, Marco A. "The effect of complex formation upon the redox potentials of metallic ions: Cyclic voltammetry experiments". J. Chem. Educ. 1988 65 173
Piszczek, L.; Ignatowicz, A.; Kielbasa, J. "Application of cyclic voltammetry for stoichiometry determination of Ni(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) complex compounds with polyaminopolycarboxylic acids". J. Chem. Educ. 1988 65 171
Carriedo, Gabino A. "The use of cyclic voltammetry in the study of the chemistry of metal-carbonyls: An introductory experiment". J. Chem. Educ. 1988 65 1020
Ana Villares, Gorka Pera, Ignacio Giner, Pilar Cea, Maria C. Lopez, and Santiago Martin, "The Use of Cyclic Voltammetry To Probe the Passivation of Electrode Surfaces by Well-Ordered Self-Assembly and Langmuir–Blodgett Films. An Advanced Undergraduate Laboratory Experiment in Surface Science and Nanomaterials Chemistry" J. Chem. Educ., 2009, 86 (6), p 723-725.
Koca, A.; Uce, M.; Ozkaya, A.R.; and Şahin, M. "An Effective Way to Determine the Diffusion Coefficient Using Double-Potential-Step Chronocoulometry. An Undergraduate Physical Chemistry Laboratory Experiment" The Chemical Educator 2007 12(3) 185
Measurement of Mass-Transfer Coefficients by an Electrochemical Technique" J. Chem. Educ. 2006 83 1204. (August 2006)
Dona Rodriguez, Jose M.; Herrera Melian, Jose Alberto; Perez Pena, Jesus "Determination of the Real Surface Area of Pt Electrodes by Hydrogen Adsorption Using Cyclic Voltammetry" J. Chem. Educ. 2000 77 1195. (September 2000)
Kathryn Williams, Roberto Bravo, "Micelles in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory: Diffusion Coefficients and Half-Wave Potentials of Ferrocene" J. Chem. Educ. 2000 77 392. (March 2000)
Jason Mallia, Stephen Straub, John McBride, "An Electrochemical Puzzle: The Catalyzed Anodic Dissolution of I-coated Palladium in Halide-Free Acid Solutions", The Chemical Educator 1998 3(5). Includes use of chronocoulometry.
Nice on-line introduction to voltammetry as part of a physical chemistry laboratory at New Mexico State University.
A series of experiments using electrochemistry to investigate self assembled monolayers (SAM) of a gold elecctrode from a Surface and Interface Analysis course at Michigan State University.
Palombari, R. "The growth of a diffusion layer in linear sweep voltammetry: A semiempirical approach". J. Chem. Educ. 1992 69 473
Town, Julie L.; MacLaren, Fiona; Dewald, Howard D. "Rotating disk voltammetry experiment". J. Chem. Educ. 1991 68 352.
Sanchez, Gaspar; Codina, Guillermo; Aldaz, Antonio. "A voltammetry experiment by digital simulation (CS)". J. Chem. Educ. 1991 68 489
Crooks, J. E.; Bulmer, R. W. "Kinetics from polarography: An experiment for the teaching laboratory". J. Chem. Educ. 1968 45 725
Mason, John G. "Applying a steady state approach to polarography". J. Chem. Educ. 1965 42 333, 576.
Contact Metrohm UK for a "free monograph (which) discusses 13 easy experiments intended to provide an introduction to the basic principles of polarography and voltammetry".
A HUD report on the use of stripping voltammetry to determine the amount of lead in paint could serve as the basis for an excellent student experiment.
Very interesting experiment (part of a set of experiments using different instrumental techniques) measuring the metal complexing capacity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water from the environmental engineering department at Northwestern.
Cypress Systems (who was bought by ESA Bioscience, a part of Dionex, who was bought by Thermo) has a number of experiments available on the ASDL website, including a nice basic description of stripping voltammetry for Pb in water.
See the Application Notes section of the EG&G PAR Web site for a variety of interesting analyses which could be adapted for analytical labs.
Pine Instrument Company, "Survey of Three Voltammetric Methods". Very nice experiment comparing the use of cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometery, and rotated disc voltammetry available as part of a complete Educator's Guide.
A complete Lab Manual for an Electroanalytical Chemistry course from Tel Aviv University.
Nice introductory set of experiments for voltammetry in an instrumental analysis class at Truman State University.
"Determination of Vitamin C by Analytical Voltammetry" from San Jose State University.
Introductory CV experiments from Michigan State.
Great collection of experiments - CV, microelectrodes, chronoamperometry, ASV and DPV - from Ted Kuwana in the ASDL.
Experiment to determine the concentration of acetaminophen, as well as studying the mechanism of oxidation, from Johns Hopkins.
Another experiment to determine the concentration of acetaminophen in children's pain elixir - but this one uses inexpensive screen printed electrodes from Pine.
Faraday's Law illustrated with electrodeposition of nickel on screen-printed electrodes from Pine - designed for a general chemistry class.
Intro to CV on the BAS 100B, including experiments with dopamine and acetaminophen, from University of Illinois-Chicago.
Redox chemistry of ferrocene in aprotic solvent from Simon Fraser University.
Introduction to CV and ASV from Monash University.
David King, Jeffrey Friend and James Kariuki
Lasantha T. Viyannalage, Nikolay Dimitrov, and Alexsandra Silva*, "Different Pathways of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Studied by Rotating Disk Electrode (RDE) Voltammetry: An Advanced Analytical Chemistry Exercise" The Chemical Educator 2010 15 pp. 290-294.
Suzanne K. Lunsford and Rachel Kingdom "Developing a Conductive Polymer Electrochemically that Incorporates Mercury: A REEL Experiment" The Chemical Educator 2010 15 pp.155-157.
Michael J. Goldcamp , Melinda N. Underwood , Joshua L. Cloud and Sean Harshman , and Kevin Ashley, "An Environmentally Friendly, Cost-Effective Determination of Lead in Environmental Samples Using Anodic Stripping Voltammetry" J. Chem. Educ., 2008, 85 (7), pp. 976-979.
Jeremy P. Wilburn , Kyle L. Brown and David E. Cliffel, "Mercury-Free Analysis of Lead in Drinking Water by Anodic Stripping Square Wave Voltammetry" J. Chem. Educ., 2007, 84 (2), pp. 312-314.
Edward Bolton, Bryan Breyfogle, Annette Gordon and Mark M. Richter, "Electrochemical Light: Putting Modern Technology Into the Hands of Students
" The Chemical Educator 2007 12(1) pp.15-17.
Ceballos, C.D.; Zon, M.A.; Hernandez, H. "Using Square Wave Voltammetry on Ultramicroelectrodes To Determine Synthetic Antioxidants in Vegetable Oils" J. Chem. Educ. 2006 83 1349
Measurement of Mass-Transfer Coefficients by an Electrochemical Technique J. Chem. Educ. 2006 83 1204
Petrovic, Steven "Determination of Bismuth: A Mercury-Free Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Experiment" The Chemical Educator 2004 9(2) pp. 91-96.
Bruce, Delphine; Kuhn, Alexander; Sojic, Neso. "Electrochemical Removal of Metal Cations from Wastewater Monitored by Differential Pulse Polarography" J. Chem. Educ. 2004 81 255
Goebel, Amanda; Vos, Tracy; Louwagie, Anne; Lundbohm, Laura; Brown, Jay H. "Lead-Testing Service to Elementary and Secondary Schools Using Anodic Stripping Voltammetry" J. Chem. Educ. 2004 81 214.
Biagio F. Giannetti, Cecilia M. V. B. Almeida, Silvia H. Bonilla, and Tibor Taboczkay, "The Study of Surface Film Formation: Illustrating the Use and the Selection of Electrochemical Models." The Chemical Educator 2003 8(2) pp. 130-140.
Mark M. Richter, "Electrochemical Light, From Laboratory Curiosity to Useful Analytical Technique." The Chemical Educator 2002 7(4) pp. 195-199.
Martel, D.; Sojic, N.; Kuhn, A. "A Simple Student Experiment for Teaching Surface Electrochemistry: Adsorption of Polyoxometalate on Graphite Electrodes" J. Chem. Educ. 2002 79 1256.
Qi Wang, Alicia Geiger, Ramiro Frias, Teresa Golden, "An Introduction to Electrochemistry for Undergraduates: Detection of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) by Inexpensive Electrode Sensors", The Chemical Educator 2000 5(2), pp. 58-60. Use of a potentiostat in general chemistry!
John, Richard; Lord, Daniel "Determination of Anionic Surfactants Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Anodic Stripping Voltammetry" J. Chem. Educ. 1999 76 1256. (September 1999)
Goscinska, Teresa "Laboratory Made Electrochemical Sensors for Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry" J. Chem. Educ. 1998 75 1038. (August 1998)
Lotz, A "A Variety of Electrochemical Methods in a Coulometric Titration Experiment" J. Chem. Educ., 1998, 775.
Mocellin, E.; Goscinska, T. "Modified Carbon Electrodes for Microscale Electrochemistry" J. Chem. Educ., 1998, 771.
Babaei, A.; Connor, P.; McQuillan, J.; Umapathy, S. "UV-Visible Spectrooelectrochemistry of the Reduction Products of Anthraquinone in Dimethylformamide Solutions: An Advanced Undergraduate Experiment" J. Chem. Educ., 1997, 1200
Walczak, M.M.; Dryer, D.A.; Jacobson, D.D.; Foss, M.G.; Flynn, N.T. "pH-Dependent Redox Couple: Illustrating the Nernst Equation Using Cyclic Voltammetry" J. Chem. Educ., 1997, 1195.
Herrera-Melian, J.A.; Dona-Rodriguez, J.M.; Hernandez-Brito, J.; Perez-Pena, J. "Voltammetric Determination of Ni and Co in Water Samples" J. Chem. Educ., 1997, 1444.
Garcia-Armada, Pilar; Losada, Jose; de Vicente-Perez, Santiago "Cation Analysis Scheme by Differential Pulse Polarography" J. Chem. Educ. 1996 73 544. (June 1996)
Bott, Adrian; Jackson, Brad "Study of Ferricyanide by Cyclic Voltammetry using the CV-50W" Current Separations 1996 15(1) 25-30. Nice write up of the basic experiment for a Bioanalytical Systems instrument.
Bertotti, Mauro; Vaz, Jorge Moreira; Telles, Rogerio. "Ascorbic Acid Determination in Natural Orange Juice: As a Teaching Tool of Coulometry and Polarography". J. Chem. Educ. 1995 72 445.
Lanza, P. "Multple analysis by differential pulse polarography". J. Chem. Educ. 1990 67 704.
Pomeroy, R. S.; Denton, M. B.; Armstrong, N. R. "Voltammetry at the thin-film mercury electrode (TFME): Anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetries and simple potentiostat construction". J. Chem. Educ. 1989 66 877.
Farrell, T. J.; Lauh, R. J.; Wadsworth, E. P., Jr. "Anodic polarography of cyanide in foodstuffs". J. Chem. Educ. 1987 64 635.
Brillas, Enrique; Garrido, Jose A.; Rodriquez, Rosa M.; Domenech, Javier. "A cyclic voltammetry experiment using a mercury electrode". J. Chem. Educ. 1987 64 189
Bertotti, M.; Vaz, J.M.; Telles, R.; "Ascorbic Acid Determination in Natural Orange Juice as a Teaching Tool of Coulometry and Polarography" J. Chem. Educ. 1985 62 445.
Baldwin, Richard P.; Ravichandran, K.; Johnson, Ronda K. "A cyclic voltammetry experiment for the instrumental analysis laboratory". J. Chem. Educ. 1984 61 820.
Van Benschoten, James J.; Lewis, Jane Y.; Heineman, William R.; Roston, Daryl A.; Kissinger, Peter T. "Cyclic voltammetry experiment". J. Chem. Educ. 1983 60 772. (The classic ferrocyanide experiment....)
Wang, Joseph. "Anodic stripping voltammetry: an instrumental analysis experiment". J. Chem. Educ. 1983 60 1074.
Schultz, Franklin A. "Stoichiometry and formation constant determination by linear sweep voltammetry". J. Chem. Educ. 1979 56 62.
Hoyle, William C.; Thorpe, Thomas M. "Pulse polarography: A series of student experiments (Chem Inst)". J. Chem. Educ. 1978 55 A229.
Deanhardt, M. Lynn; Dillard, James W.; Hanck, Kenneth W.; Switzer, William L. "Determination of Pb and Cd in pottery using anodic stripping voltammetry". J. Chem. Educ. 1977 54 55.
John
R. Amend , Greg Stewart, Thomas S. Kuntzleman , and Michael J. Collins,
"Affordable
Cyclic Voltammetry
Polk, B.J.; Duvallet, F. "Multidimensional Instrumentation Applied to Studies of Electrodeposition" The Chemical Educator 2007 12(1) pp. 29.
Gopinath, A.V.; Russell, D. "An Inexpensive Field-Portable Programmable Potentiostat" The Chemical Educator 2006 11(1) pp. 23-28.
Santos, Andre L.; Takeuchi, Regina M.; Oliveira, Herenilton P.; Rodrigues, Marcello G.; Zimmerman, Robert L. "A Reliable Homemade Electrode Based on Glassy Polymeric Carbon " J. Chem. Educ. 2004 81 842.
Gostowski, R. "Teaching Analytical Instrument Design with LabVIEW". J. Chem. Educ. 199673 1103. Includes design and fabrication of circuits as well as computer programming in LabVIEW.
Pomeroy, R. S.; Denton, M. B.; Armstrong, N. R. "Voltammetry at the thin-film mercury electrode (TFME): Anodic and cathodic stripping voltammetries and simple potentiostat construction". J. Chem. Educ. 1989 66 877.
Mikael Wasberg and Peter Sarkany, "Control of voltammetric experiments by means of the Commodore 64 microcomputer" Talanta 1987 34(9) 757-761.
Albahadily, F. N.; Mottola, Horacio A. "A simple and inexpensive function generator and a four-electrode cell for cyclic voltammetry". J. Chem. Educ. 1986 63 271.
Fujita, I.; Chang, C. K. "Microcell for cyclic voltammetry". J. Chem. Educ. 1984 61 913
Cotter, Robert J. "Inexpensive instrument for rapid scanning polarography". J. Chem. Educ. 1977 54 455.
Thomas, E. B.; Nook, R. J. "A recorder for polarography". J. Chem. Educ.1952 29 414.
Agnieszka Kulczynska, Reed Johnson, Tony Frost, and Lawrence D. Margerum,
"How
Do Structure and Charge Affect Metal-Complex Binding to DNA? An
Upper-Division Integrated Laboratory Project Using Cyclic Voltammetry"
J. Chem. Educ., 2011, 88 (6), pp 801–805
Suzanne K. Lunsford, Phuong Khanh Quoc Nguyen, Jessica M. Dagher, and Rachel Kingdom, "Sonogel Carbon Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2) Electrode Sensor to Detect Dopamine" The Chemical Educator 2009 14(5) pp. 204-207.
Label-Free Detection of DNA Hybridization by Cyclic Voltammetry. An Advanced Undergraduate Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Experiment" J. Chem. Educ. 2006 83 1208. (August 2006)
Sean C. Brooks and Mark M. Richter, "Determination of DNA Bases Using Electrochemistry: A Discovery-Based Experiment." The Chemical Educator 2002 7(5) pp. 284-287.
J. Justin Gooding, Wenrong Yang, and Manihar Situmorang, "Bioanalytical Experiments for the Undergraduate Laboratory: Monitoring Glucose in Sports Drinks", J. Chem. Educ.2001 78 78
Basic Electrochemistry Meets Nanotechnology: Electrochemical Preparation of Artificial Receptors Based on Nanostructured Conducting Polymer, Polypyrrole J. Chem. Educ. 2006 83 1212. (August 2006)
Quantification of Acetaminophen in an Over-the-Counter product and Study of the Mechanixm of Oxidation of Acetaminophen. from Johns Hopkins University
Excel simulations of cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry, and Marcus theory complement an experimental procedure for acetaminophen oxidation at this site from the University of Saskatchewan.
Grant Holder and David Farrar, "Voltammetric Reductions of Ring-Substituted Acetophenones. 3. A Collaborative Sophomore-Level Molecular Modeling Exercise Correlating Experimental and Theoretical Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Data." The Chemical Educator 2003 8(2) pp. 141-145.
Grant Holder, Laurel McClure, and David Farrar, "Voltammetric Reductions of Ring-Substituted Acetophenones.2. A Senior Level Experiment Requiring Classification of an Electrochemical Mechanism as Stepwise or Concerted." The Chemical Educator 2002 7(2) pp. 74-80.
Grant Holder, David Farrar, and Laurel McClure, "Voltammetric Reductions of Ring-Substituted Acetophenones. 1. Determination of an Electron-Transfer Mechanism Using Cyclic Voltammetry and Computer Modeling: The Formation and Fate of a Radical Anion." The Chemical Educator 2001 6(6) pp. 343-349.
Heffner, Janell E.; Raber, Jeffrey C.; Moe, Owen A., Jr.; Wigal, Carl, T. "Using Cyclic Voltammetry and Molecular Modeling To Determine Substituent Effects in the One-Electron Reduction of Benzoquinones" J. Chem. Educ.1998 75 365. (March 1998).
Laurent Gilles De Pelichy, Eugene Smith "A Study of the Oxidation Pathway of Adrenaline by Cyclic Voltammetry: An Undergraduate Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Exercise", The Chemical Educator 1997 2(2).
BAS has an application capusle available on request. (#252 for the BAS 100B, #253 for the CV-27).
A collection of electrochemical
experiments has been compiled by the Royal Australian Chemistry Institute's Electochemistry Division. It
is available for purchase from the divisional secretary.
A convenient source of information
on electrochemistry texts and monographs is the Journal of Chemical Education's Chemical
Education Resource Shelf on electrochemistry.
Please send comments, criticisms, and suggestions to Marty St. Clair, Professor of Chemistry, Coe College (mstclair@coe.edu).
Last modified 05/27/2011
Home - Experiments - Equipment - Background - Links